======Cellular Automata======

1940s discovered by Stanislaw Ulam and John von Neumann while they were contemporaries at Los Alamos National Laboratory. 

1970s Conway's Game of Life, a two-dimensional cellular automaton.

1980s, Stephen Wolfram engaged in a systematic study of one-dimensional cellular automata, or what he calls elementary cellular automata. 

2002 Wolfram published A New Kind of Science.